SRES and Health Depression can trigger changes that are not directly caused by the variable biological or psychological, but due to the healthy lifestyle changes. High stress can contributed to greater frequency of smoking, disturbed sleep, increased alcohol consumption, and changing eating patterns (often considered as stressor) shown to be associated with higher mortality due to several diseases. Stress-disease relationship is the real thing,( efect stress on health ) but is mediated indirectly through changes in health behavior and not through direct biological effects of stress.
The sources psychology of stress not only reduces our ability to adjust themselves, but also dramatically affect our health. Stress increases the risk of various types of physical ailments, from indigestion to heart disease (e. g., Cohen et al, 1993). Science of psychoneuroimmunology (psychoneuroimmunology) Studied relationship between psychological factors, particularly stress, with the workings endocrine system or glands, immune system, and nervous system (Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 1992; Maier, Watkins, & Fleshner, 1994). * Stress and the Endocrine System
Stress has a domino effect in the endocrine system (endocrine system) is a form of body systems and glands that produce releasing secretions called hormones, directly into the bloodstream. The endocrine system consists of glands distribute hormones throughout the body. Some endocrine glands involved in displaying the body's response to stress. The hormones stress produced by the adrenal glands help the body prepare itself cope with stressors or threats. If the stressor had passed,(efect stress on health) the body back to normal circumstances. During chronic stress, the body is constantly pumping out hormones that can cause damage to the entire body, including suppress the ability of the immune system that protects us from various infections and diseases.
* Stress and the Immune System
Actually, our body has the power to the face of disease through the immune system function. Immune system (immune system) is the body's defense system against disease. Millions of white blood cells called leukocytes (leukocytes) is the immune system army in battle microscopic. Leukocytes systematically envelop and kill pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi; body cells that have been damaged, and cancer cells. Leukocytes recognize pathogens that attack them from the surface layer called the antigen (antigens), Or can said to be antibody generator. Some leukocytes to produce antibody (antibodies) specific protein that attaches to cells that are considered foreign, disable these cells, signaling which part should be destroyed. The weakening the immune system makes us vulnerable to common illnesses such as fever and flu, and increase the risk of developing chronic diseases including cancer. A source of physical stress such as cold air or a loud noise, especially when intense and occurs in the long term, will be able to reduce the function immunity. For example, a study of a number of medical students showed that their immune function decline during exam season compared immune function in time one month before the exam, at the time their lives less stressful (Glaser et al, 1987). Stress due to traumatic events such as earthquakes, wind storms, or natural disasters, and other technological disaster, or violence also lowers immune function body (Ironson et al, 1997; Solomon et al, 1997).
efect stress on health
Response stress involves all body functions, So too the amount of distress that spend our adaptive resources can lead to fatigue, a variety of problems health, and even fatal consequences. Here are some of the disturbances and diseases associated with stress.
SYSTEM BREATH | SYSTEM DIGESTION | MUSCLE AND JOINTS |
· Coronary heart disease (angina and attacks heart) · Hypertension (high blood pressure) · Stroke · Migraine | · Indigestion · Nausea · Heartburn (pirosis) · Ulcers in the stomach and duodenum · Inflammatory bowel syndrome, colon weight · Diarrhea · Constipation · Bloated stomach | · Dizziness · Cramps · Muscle spasms · Back pain · Neck pain |
BEHAVIOR | EMOTIONAL | MISCELLANEOUS |
· Eating too much-obese · Loss of appetite, anorexia · The increased frequency of smoking · Increased consumption of caffeine · Increasing alcohol consumption · Drug abuse | · Anxiety, including fears, phobias, and obsession · Depression | · Diabetes · Cancer · Rheumatism (arthritis Rheumatiod) · Asthma · Common colds and flu · Sexual disorders, decreased sex drive, premature ejaculation, failure to achieve orgasm, sterility · Skin disease · Sleep disorders |
Factors Psychological can affect physical functioning, Physical factors can also be affect mental function. Physical disorder that is believed to be caused or influenced by psychological factors in the past called psychosomatic (Psychosomatic) Or psychophysiological.
· Headache
Headache is a symptom of many medical disorders. If these headaches occur does not coincide with other symptoms, then this can be a headache classified as physical disorders associated with stress. Stress can cause a strong contraction of the scalp, face, neck, and shoulder so that it appears that periodic headaches and chronic. Headache next or severe migraine, is believed to involve changes in blood flow to the the head. Migraine usually lasts for several hours or several days. This pain is characterized by a sharp taste on one side of the head or in back of the eye, pain is so intense, so unbearable. Some people who suffer from stress headaches this caused because individuals respond to stressors in a way that a typical individual, kelihatnnya headache sufferers respond to stress by tensing the muscles forehead, shoulders, and neck. Many factors can trigger the emergence of an attack migraine. This includes stress; stimuli like bright lights, changes in air pressure; powder; certain drugs; MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) chemical, which frequently used food seasoning; red wine, and even starvation (Martin and seneviratne, 1997).
· Cardiovascular disease (cardiovascular disease) (Heart disease and arterial)
CHD (Coronary Heart Disease / CHD) is a major cardiovascular disease. Coronary heart disease blood flow to the heart due to insufficient demand. The disease process The underlying CHD is arteriosclerosis or "hardening of the arteries", a condition where the artery walls become thick, harder, and reduced elasticity, blood condition makes it difficult flowing freely. The main causes of arteriosclerosis are atherosclerosis is a process that involves the accumulation of fat throughout arterial wall which makes the occurrence of the blockage. Risk factors CHD is a variety of uncontrollable factors such as age and family history. A number of risk factors can be controlled through the handling medical or lifestyle changes, such factors high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, overeating, drinking alcohol, eating foods high in fat, and style monotonous life. Psychological factors such as negative emotions such as anger and anxiety is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.
Patterns of personality which is a risk factor psychological behavior patterns of CHD called Type A behavior (type A behavior pattern / TABP), Is a force the behavior of someone who shows characteristics such as strong-willed, ambitious, impatient, competitive and high, the risks associated with the higher for experienced CHD (TQ Miller et al, 1991). Hostilitas - fast anger is an element of type A behavior pattern most closely associated with cardiovascular risk, and people with TABP tend to quickly get mad and irritable.
Stress also seems to improve the social environment the risk of CHD (Krantz et al, 1998). Factors such as overtime, ongoing work there, and the demands of mutual contrary, associated with an increased risk of CHD (CD Jenkins, 1988).
· Asthma
Asthma is a respiratory disorder in which the channel main breath bronkin narrowed and inflamed and produce mucus or Excessive sputum during an asthma attack, patients breath sounds, cough, and they had to struggle to get enough air to breathe. The cause of asthma is an allergic reaction; exposed to environmental pollutants, including smoke cigarette factories and smog, and other genetic and immunological factors. Some people with asthma to avoid activities that are too heavy, including exercise for fear of increased oxygen demand and under attack.
Asthma is not curable, but asthma can be controlled by reducing exposure to substances or materials cause allergies, with disensilisasi therapy to help the body to be more resistant to the substances or ingredients that cause allergies, using tool of breath (inhalers) And medicines to open the channels bronchi during an asthma attack.
· EFFECT OF STRESS Cancer
Cancer cells are characterized by the development distorted, or mutated, cells grow (tumors) metastasized to the network are healthy. Cancer cells can take root anywhere that is in the blood, bone, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and genital organs. Things that cause cancer, among others, continuous exposure to cancer causing chemicals in environmental and genetic factors, such as a defective gene or experiencing the mutation. But many also contribute to patterns of behavior that lead to cancer such as diet (pengonsumsian foods high in fat), heavy drinkers of alcohol, smoking, and bask in the sun (ultraviolet rays cause cancer skin).
The immune system is weakened or declining increase susceptibility to cancer such as psychological factors such as stress that can affect the immune system. Stress can accelerate the development of cancer-causing viruses.
· Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS is a disease caused by viruses called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV attacks the immune system thus making the body do not helpless, unable to defend themselves against disease. HIV infectious through sexual contact (vaginal and anal intercourse; oral-genital contact); through contaminated blood transfusions, needle accidentally punctured been used in people infected with HIV, sharing needles with drug users, and from mother to fetus has been infected in the womb or at birth and breast-fed infants. There is no cure or vaccine for HIV infection, but the use of drugs antiretrofiral a very active lead to changes in the handling this disease, giving hope that the disease can become chronic, but can be regulated or controlled.
Psychological handling, especially in the form of group supporters, the group self-help and group therapy organized can be used to provide psychological assistance to them with HIV / AIDS and family and their friends. Handling can be form of skills training combined coping active such as stress management techniques such as self-relaxation and positive mental imagery as well as strategies cognitive control to the thoughts and negative foci that interrupt.
* Stress and Life Changes
Another way to determine the relationship of stress with disease is to take into account the stress in relation to changes life (life events). Changes in living becomes a source of stress when changes The life requires us to adjust. These life changes can of fun events such as weddings, and events that sad as the death of a loved one.
* Disturbance adaptation
It is a maladaptive reaction to a stressor that is identified and developing a few months since the advent of stressors. This maladaptive reaction seen from the hendaya meaningful (significant) in social functioning, employment, or academic, or the presence of emotional distress conditions that exceed the limit to normal. Maladaptive reactions in the form of adjustment disorder may resolved when the stressors moved or individuals learn to overcome stressors. When maladaptive reaction is still lasted more than 6 months after the stressor diverted, the diagnosis of adjustment disorder needs to be changed.
Classify "adjustment disorder" as a mental disorder raises some difficulties because it is not easy to define what is normal and not normal in the concept of interference the adjustment.
According to DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000), Adjustment Disorder Subtypes
Disturbance | The characteristics Main |
Disturbance Adjustment with Mood Depression | Sadness, crying, feeling hopeless. |
Disturbance Adjustment with anxiety | Worried, restless, and nervous (or in children fear separation from attachment figures main). |
Disturbance Adjustment with a mixture of anxiety symptoms and mood depression | The combination of anxiety and depression. |
Disturbance Adjustment with behavior disorders | Violate the rights others or violate social norms according to age |
Disturbance Adjustment disorder with symptoms of a mixture of emotions and behavior | The combination of emotional disorders, such as depression or anxiety, and behavioral disturbances (As described above). |
Disturbance Adjustment not classified | Category residual that can be applied to cases that can not be classified in one subtype from other subtypes. |
Stress can trigger changes in health that are not directly caused by the variable biological or psychological, but due to the healthy lifestyle changes. High stress can contributed to greater frequency of smoking, disturbed sleep, increased alcohol consumption, and changing eating patterns (often considered as stressors) shown to be associated with a higher mortality rate caused some diseases. Stress-disease relationship is the real thing, but mediated indirectly through changes in health behavior and not through direct biological effects of stress.
